Rhinoplasty

What is a Rhinoplasty?

Rhinoplasty, commonly known as a nose job, is a plastic surgery procedure for correcting and reconstructing the form, restoring the functions, and aesthetically enhancing the nose by resolving nasal trauma, congenital defect, respiratory impediment, or a failed primary rhinoplasty. Most patients ask to remove a bump, narrow nostril width, change the angle between the nose and the mouth, as well as correct injuries, birth defects, or other problems that affect breathing, such as deviated nasal septum or a sinus condition.

Who are the best candidates for Rhinoplasty?

Most commonly, the best candidate for a rhinoplasty is someone who doesn't like the way their nose looks and has been troubled by one or more of its features. Often this is a nose that appears too large, or droops, or has a prominent bump on top. Others seek treatment after an injury, or when they develop trouble breathing through the nose.

What is the best age for Rhinoplasty?

The ideal age range for Rhinoplasty are patients aged 18-40 years old, during this time your facial skin is still mostly elastic and can accommodate surgical procedures without complications.

What is the success rate of Rhinoplasty?

Rhinoplasty has about an 85 to 90 percent success rate, although this could be higher if the operation is performed by board-certified plastic surgeons specializing in this procedure.

Is Rhinoplasty painful?

During the procedure you will be under local or general anesthesia and won't feel any pain during that time. Slight bleeding and drainage of mucus and old blood are common for a few days after the surgery which might cause discomfort or pain at times. Because everyone heals differently, it's important to continue to be patient during your rhinoplasty recovery. It is normal to still be experiencing swelling, slight pain, bruising, and even headaches four weeks after your procedure. It's always a great idea to visit your surgeon to make sure you're healing properly during this time.

How long does a typical Rhinoplasty take to perform?

It depends on the extent of the changes being made to the nose. Minimal changes will generally take 1 to 1.5 hours. If there are more extensive changes taking place, then the surgery could last between 2 to 4 hours.

When can I go back to work after my Rhinoplasty?

If you have a nonphysical sedentary occupation you can literally return to work after a few days. However, you would be still be bandaged and bruised. Most patients wait till the bandaging is removed to venture out of home. That usually occurs no later then one week after surgery. However, even after a week there is residual bruising in many cases. If you do not want your coworkers to see you bruised you might have to hide for as many as 2 weeks after surgery.

When can I fly after a Rhinoplasty?

A patient must not fly for at least 5 days after the surgery.

When will I see the final results of my Rhinoplasty?

Bruising and swelling are a normal part of rhinoplasty recovery. They are dependent on several factors related to both the surgical technique and the patient. Techniques that increase bruising and swelling include whether or not the nasal bones were broken (osteotomies), the extent of soft tissue dissection/elevation from the bony-cartilaginous framework, and whether the surgery was performed open or closed.

How long is the recovery time for facelift?

For full face lifts we recommend 2 weeks for initial recovery. However, patients don’t have to stay in bed, they can move around without causing any healing problems. Just avoid driving, straining, turning the head or exercising until we feel you are healed enough. Total healing (the point at which there is no numbness, incisional pinkness has gone, and firmness has softened) actually takes several months.

How long does a facelift last?

What is removed is gone forever, but the procedure will not stop the normal aging process and cannot restore the tissue elasticity that was present in youth. It is the patient’s state of elasticity that determines how much skin and muscle relaxation they have and how quickly they develop it. During the first 12 months after surgery, every patient sees some tissue relaxation.

How long should swelling and numbness last after a facelift?

Most swelling is gone by 2 weeks. However, there may be some slight swelling and some numbness that can take an entire year to resolve.

What is the difference between general and cosmetic dentistry?

General dentistry focuses on maintaining or restoring your oral hygiene through prevention, diagnosis and treating oral diseases. Cosmetic treatments focus solely on the appearance of your teeth and smile.

Why do i need X-Rays?

Radiographic or X-ray examinations provide your dentist with an important diagnostic tool that shows the condition of your teeth, their roots, jaw placement and the overall composition of your facial bones.

X-Rays can help your dentist determine the presence or degree of periodontal disease, abscesses and many abnormal growths, such as cysts and tumors. X-rays can also show the exact location of impacted teeth. They can pinpoint the location of cavities and other signs of disease that may not be possible to detect through visual examination (such as changes in the jaw bone structure as a result of systemic disease).

Is teeth whitening right for me?

Whitening can be an important part of a smile makeover. We always check the suitability of your teeth, as it may not be recommended for some patients with high sensitivity. It’s important to know that we may not be able to treat all of your teeth: whitening can’t alter the colour of fillings, crowns, veneers, for example. 

I’m a nervous patient. Can dentist help me?

Dentists understand that some people struggle with dental treatment, so they have lots of ways to help put you at ease. Please just tell them how you feel and what worries you, and then they can work together with you to decide on the right approach.

Do you have a waiting list?

No. You can make your appointment after you select the treatments you require.

How often do I need a check-up?

Generally, it's recommended to have regular check-ups every 6 months.

Do i need filling?

Fillings repair small holes in your tooth enamel. If they aren’t filled, the decay will deepen. You’ll start to feel pain, and you could end up needing root canal treatment, which is much more significant and costs more. So although you might not feel pain right now, it’s best to repair these holes as soon as possible.

Do I need a veneer or a crown?

Veneers and crowns are similar in that they can be made from porcelain or ceramic and can be colour matched to your own teeth. However, a veneer is a very thin layer which is bonded to the front of your tooth, whereas a crown covers the entire tooth. You may need a crown because of the amount of damage or discolouration.

What is Smile Design?

Smile design is renewing your special ideal smile by applying medicine and art together. It is planing smile by combining healthy, naturalness and other individual requests.

What is Bleaching?

Tooth Whitening is a cosmetic solution, offered to people who are not satisfied with the color of their teeth. It's an oxygenation method that is used to bleach the teeth, that have changed color because of various reasons, or to lighten the personal color of the teeth a few shades.

What is Zirconia Crowns and Laminate Veneer?

Porcelain laminates are ideal solutions especially for the people who doesn't want their teeth to be cut so much or doesn't want to deal with orthodontic treatment but wants to have good looking teeth and a beautiful smile.

How do i know if i am eligible?

Have a Body Mass Index (BMI) of greater than 40, or a BMI of35 accompanied by other issues related to health (co-morbidities). These co-morbidities include diabetes, high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, obstructive sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol, triglycerides, etc), metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovarian disease, pseudotumor cerebri, etc.

How long will i stay in the hospital after bariatric surgery?

The average surgical time for gastric bypass is about 2 hours and sleeve gastrectomy is about 1-2 hours. The laparoscopy totally changed bariatric surgery. Almost all patients can walk a few hours after surgery. They start to have liquids the day after surgery. The majority (more than 95%) of patients only stay in the hospital for one night or two nights.

When can i go back to work after surgery?

After surgery, most patients return to work after two to four weeks. Some may be able to work from home as early as one week after surgery. Because of the significantly reduced calorie intake, many patients have low energy for 1-2 weeks after surgery. However, most patients gain their energy back once they start to have soft food.

How bad is the pain after surgery?

Most patients have some pain after surgery. However, the pain is usually just a little bit more than laparoscopic gallbladder surgery. Most patients just need to take oral pain medications for a few days after surgery. The majority of our patients felt that pain was not a major issue during their recovery.

When can i start exercising again after surgery?

As soon as patients totally wake up from anesthesia, they are encouraged to walk. The key is to start slow and listen to your body. If you lift weights or do sports, stay “low impact” for the first month (avoid competition, think participation). If you experience pain or discomfort, stop and relax. Avoid lifting heavy objects for the first 6 weeks. If you swim, your wounds need to be healed over before you get back in the water and always swim slowly at the beginning.

Do i have to wait to get pregnant after bariatric surgery? Will the baby be healthy?

Women generally have significantly increased fertility after weight loss surgery. Birth control pills do NOT work as well in heavy patients and during the time of rapid weight loss. We strongly recommend all child bearing age women to use other ways of contraception after bariatric surgery.
Most surgeons recommend waiting 12-18 months after weight loss surgery before getting pregnant. After losing most of the excess weight, there is much less risk of having problems during pregnancy (gestational diabetes, eclampsia, macrosomia) and during childbirth. There is also decreased risk of having miscarriages and stillbirths. The kids born after mom’s bariatric surgery are less prone to being obese later in their life.

Will bariatric surgery last?

Many patients (up to 50%) may regain a small amount of weight (approximately 5 percent) two years or more following their surgery. However, longitudinal studies find that most bariatric surgery patients maintain successful weight-loss long-term.
One study summarizing the results from 22 reports with a total of 4206 patient cases reported good long-term durability of gastric bypass surgery. The average excess weight loss was 66.5%, and there was no significant association between excess weight loss and length of follow-up.  Now we have data to support the durability of gastric bypass surgery up to 15 years.  Studies also have shown that sleeve gastrectomy patients were able to maintain its well-documented weight loss outcome at 5 or more years after surgery, with the overall mean excess weight loss at 5 or more years still remaining>50%.
Such significant and sustained weight loss after surgery is in sharp contrast to medical management.

Do most patients need to have plastic surgery after weight loss?

After losing most of the excess weight, most patients may have some loose or sagging skin.  For many patients, this might be just temporary. The degree of loose or sagging skin depends upon several things, including how much weight you lose, your age, your genetics and whether or not you exercise or smoke. Generally, many patients can hide loose skin by clothing or compression garments.
It's generally recommended to wait for at least 18 months before having plastic surgery.

Do i need to take vitamins and minerals after surgery?

You will need to take a multivitamin for life. You may need higher doses of certain vitamins or minerals, especially Iron, Calcium, and Vitamin D. You will also need to have at least yearly lab checks.

Will i lose hair after bariatric surgery?

For the reasons we still don’t fully understand, hair loss after bariatric surgery is common between 3 and 6 months following surgery. However, hair loss is almost always temporary. Adequate intake of protein, vitamins, biotin and minerals will help to ensure hair re-growth, and avoid longer term thinning.

Am i a canditate for IVF?

There are a number of factors involved in determining if a patient is suitable for IVF treatment. Appropriate candidates often include couples who may experience:

-Low sperm counts

-Endometriosis

-Problems with the uterus or fallopian tubes

-Ovulation disorders

-Sperm unable to penetrate or survive in the cervical mucus

-Other health or unexplained reproductive issues

Are there risks to having a baby through IVF?

It is important to recognize that the rate of birth defects in the general population is about 3% of all births for major malformations and 6% if minor defects are included. Recent studies have suggested that the rate of major birth defects in IVF-conceived children may be on the order of 4 to 5%. This slightly increased rate of defects has also been reported for children born after IUI and for naturally-conceived siblings of IVF children, thus it is possible that the risk factor is inherent in this particular patient population rather than in the technique used to achieve conception.

Research indicates that IVF-conceived children are on par with the general population in academic achievement as well as with regards to behavioral and psychological health. More studies are under way to further investigate this important issue.

Is the egg retrieval procedure painful?

Because anesthesia is used for egg retrieval, patients feel nothing during the procedure. Egg retrieval is a minor surgery, in which a vaginal ultrasound probe fitted with a long, thin needle is passed through the wall of the vagina and into each ovary. The needle punctures each egg follicle and gently removes the egg through a gentle suction. Anesthesia wears off quickly once egg retrieval is concluded. Patients may feel some minor cramping in the ovaries that can be treated with appropriate medications.

How successful is IVF?

According to statistics, the average IVF success rates using one’s own eggs begins to drop around age thirty and dips rapidly in the mid 30s and early 40s, due to lower egg quantity and quality. Success rates consistently beat the national average in Turkey.

In addition to age, success rates with IVF vary with respect to one’s height, weight, infertility diagnosis, sperm count, and reproductive history, such as the previous number of pregnancies, miscarriages and births.

How long does IVF take?

The in vitro fertilization process can last anywhere from four to six weeks prior to egg retrieval. The embryo(s) will then be implanted between two to five days afterwards. Not all patients are successful on their first IVF attempt; in fact, it’s not uncommon for patients to go through multiple IVF cycles before finally becoming pregnant.

Are there any restrictions while undergoing IVF?

Yes. Your doctor will recommend that you adhere to the basic guidelines below during the IVF process and into your pregnancy.

-Smoking:  It’s recommended that both partners stop smoking at least three months before beginning an IVF cycle, and before ovulation induction begins. The effects of tobacco have been shown to be toxic and harmful to a woman’s eggs.

-Drinking:  Alcohol should be avoided at the outset of IVF treatment, until one’s pregnancy test, and if pregnant, until the birth of the child.

-Medications:  It’s important to inform your doctor if you’re taking any prescription or or over-the-counter medications. Some medicines can interfere with the prescribed fertility medication, or embryo transference, and others may not be safe to take before surgery.

-Vigorous exercise: Intense physical activities like aerobics, weightlifting and running are prohibited during ovarian stimulation and until the results of one’s pregnancy are known.

-Supplements: Herbal supplements are completely prohibited during the IVF process.

If i don't get pregnant, when can i try again?

Normally, patients are asked to wait for one or two full menstrual cycles before resuming another IVF cycle. Certain additional tests may be needed that could delay subsequent IVF cycles.

What is Lasik?

LASIK, short for laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis, is the most popular refractive surgery available today. Each year, more than one million LASIK procedures are performed in the United States. LASIK has become the premier surgery for vision correction because it’s quick and painless, there is little or no discomfort after the procedure and vision recovery is rapid — some patients already see 20/20 the following day.  It can also reduce the need for reading glasses among patients over age 40 who wear bifocals. The actual surgery usually takes less than 15 minutes for both eyes, but expect to be at the surgery center for an hour or more.

How often and when should I get my eyes checked?

By getting your eyes checked on a regular basis, or when you may think you are having troubles with your vision, you can keep your eyes healthy and stay clear of further complications. Many sight-threatening diseases, if detected early, can be cured or treated to prevent, or slow, the progression of any vision loss.

The most important preventive step is receiving routine examinations by a qualified eye care professional. Children should receive their first comprehensive eye examination before the age of 3, unless a specific condition or history of family childhood vision problems warrants an earlier examination. Anyone with a history of visual problems should get routine preventive care. People ages 20 to 30 should have an eye exam every two years, unless visual changes, pain, flashes of light, new floaters, injury, or tearing occurs. Then, immediate care is necessary. Yearly exams become important in the late thirties when changes in vision and focus along with eye diseases are more likely to develop. People with diabetes are at risk for several eye disorders, including diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts, and should have eye examinations every year.

Squinting, blinking, rubbing eyes frequently, headaches, changes in vision and difficulty with visual concentration within arm’s length may be signs of eye problems and should be checked immediately by your ophthalmologist. When it comes preserving your vision, early detection is the solution.

How long does laser eye surgery take?

You will be in the clinic for around 2 hours, but the surgery itself only takes about 20 minutes for both eyes.

Can i get laser eye surgery if i am pregnant, breastfeeding or trying to conceive?

Laser eye surgery is avoided in women who are pregnant.

Firstly, your vision may fluctuate during pregnancy. Hormonal changes cause your body to retain fluid, which can cause the cornea to swell. As a result, some women may be more short-sighted while they are pregnant. We recommend waiting until your vision returns to its previous state, generally within a few months after giving birth. The speed at which this occurs is affected by breastfeeding. Additionally, the medications used during and after surgery could affect your unborn baby.

If you are breastfeeding and wish to have laser eye surgery, you will need to discuss this directly with your surgeon. This will depend on various factors, including the age of your baby and the level of breastfeeding.

You may be able to have laser eye surgery approximately 6 months postpartum if you are partially breastfeeding or 6–12 weeks after stopping exclusive breastfeeding. This is enough time to allow your hormonal levels and vision to stabilise and return to normal.

How much time off work will i need after having laser eye surgery?

Patients being treated for myopia (short-sightedness) may be able to attend work and resume driving the next day following LASIK.

Patients being treated for hyperopia (long-sightedness) may take slightly longer to recover.

How long do i have to wait after laser eye surgery before i can fly?

Travelling on an aeroplane does not affect the healing process following laser eye surgery. If the surgery was routine and successful, patients can fly the next day following LASIK surgery.

However, overseas patients are advised to wait at least 10 days before flying home to allow for post-operative checks. Because the air inside the aeroplane cabin is dry, we recommend bringing lubricating eyedrops onboard. You will need to use these drops regularly during the flight to keep your eyes comfortable.

What is a retinal detachment?

Retinal detachment is a serious condition that can lead to severe visual impairment or even total blindness in the affected eye. If any part of the retina is lifted or pulled from its normal position, it is considered detached, and will cause some vision loss. The detachment will almost always progress, and vision loss will increase until it is treated. Therefore, retinal detachment is always considered an emergency.

What causes retinal detachment?

Retinal detachment is caused by a combination of factors including retinal holes, retinal breaks, or retinal tears, and liquefaction of the vitreous humor. Any tiny tears or holes in the retina can allow vitreous fluid to seep under the retina, separating it from the back wall of the eye (like wallpaper). Retinal tears may also result from a hard blow or injury to the eye, though this is rather rare.

What are the risk factors for a retinal detachment?

Risk factors for retinal detachment include the following:

-Hereditary abnormalities of the retina often associated with myopia (near-sightedness)

-Aging

-Eye trauma

-Eye surgery

-Glaucoma

-Various retinal and macular diseases

-A family history of retinal problems

-Diabetes

How does an eye doctor diagnose retinal detachment?

Because retinal tears and detachments are not visible from the outside of the eye, only a comprehensive eye exam can detect them. Your eye doctor will use a light magnification instrument to view the inside of your eye. Your eye doctor may also use certain types of magnification lenses, a slit lamp or ultrasound to diagnose retinal tears or detachments.

Can retinal detachment be treated?

Yes. Early diagnosis and proper treatment is recommended to restore your vision.

What is Cornea? 

Clear front part (watch-glass) of the eye
The cornea is the normally clear, front window of the eye that covers the colored iris and round, dark pupil. Light is focused while passing through the cornea, allowing us to see.

What is the function of cornea?

A healthy, clear cornea is necessary for good vision. It is the first layer through which light is focused into the eye.

How can cornea be affected?

If cornea is injured or affected by disease, it may become swollen or scarred, and its smoothness and clarity may be lost. Scars, swelling or an irregular shape can cause the cornea to scatter or distort light, resulting in glare or blurry vision.

What is Corneal Ulcer?

Any injury, infection or foreign body in the cornea can cause ulcer or infection of the cornea which can cause severe pain, redness, whiteness on the cornea and loss of vision.

How is corneal ulcer treated?

Treatment of corneal ulcers involves intensive and appropriate anti-microbial therapy (determined after microbiological testing of corneal scrapings). If medical management fails, surgery may have to be done.

What is cataract?

A cataract is the clouding of the lens inside the eye that happens naturally over time.

Who is at risk for cataracts?

Anyone can get a Cataract. Cataracts occur most often in people over 45 years old, and even more in people over 65. Adults may also develop Cataracts as a side effect of certain medications such as corticosteroids used to treat asthma or as a result of systemic diseases such as Diabetes. Some children are born with congenital Cataracts, which are unusual but may occur for a number of reasons related to the mother’s health during pregnancy.

How is a cataract removed?

Cataract surgery is an outpatient procedure performed using the most advanced methods available. The procedure is painless and involves no stitches, patches, or injections. During the cataract removal surgery, ultrasound is used to break up the cloudy eye lens and the lens pieces are removed. A new intraocular lens is implanted using a tiny, self-sealing incision that heals very quickly.

Because no blood vessels are cut, there is no bleeding. There are no stitches to remove and only local or topical anesthesia is used. Patients heal very quickly and resume normal activities the next day.

When is the right time to have surgery?

There's no one-size-fits-all answer for deciding when to have surgery. Your orthopedic surgeon or other doctors will help you determine when surgery is the most appropriate next step. Key considerations include whether you're in pain, if you're experiencing instability or decreased mobility, and whether the injury or condition is affecting your quality of life.

What should i expect immediately after surgery?

With just about any orthopedic surgical procedure, including joint replacement surgery and revision surgery (replacing a worn-out artificial joint from a previous surgery), you'll have some pain and swelling. Your doctor and clinical team will work with you to effectively manage your pain and ensure you're healing as expected.

How long does it take to recover from orthopedic surgery?

Many factors determine how long it will take for you to fully recover and see the benefits of orthopedic surgery. For some patients, recovery takes a few weeks. For others, it can take several months. Depending on your overall health, the condition for which you were treated and the type of surgery performed, you may be able to go home the same day or the day after surgery even if you had total joint replacement surgery.

In most cases, you'll be discharged to your home. Physical therapy will maximize the benefits of your surgery. A small group of patients may need to spend a few days at a skilled nursing facility before they can return home. Your orthopedic surgeon will give more details about what your individual recovery plan may look like.

What kind of pain will i have after surgery?

Pain is relative — your tolerance for pain may differ from that of the next person. It's natural to experience some pain or discomfort at the surgical site as well as some possible bone/joint tenderness after surgery. Your orthopedic surgeon will work closely with your clinical team and other caregivers to determine the best pain management strategy for you.

How long do artificial joints last?

Advances in medical technologies — including the prosthetic materials used in total and partial hip, knee, elbow and shoulder joints — continue to extend the life expectancy of artificial joints. Generally speaking, today's prosthetic devices can last upwards of 15-20 years. Factors that can impact the durability of prosthetics include your activity level, overall health, weight and whether you have arthritis.

Is a fracture the same as a sprain?

A fracture is a broken bone. A sprain occurs when you injure the ligaments that connect your bones. 

What is organ transplantation?

If you have a medical condition that may cause one or more of your vital organs to fail, transplantation may be a treatment option. A transplant is a surgical operation to give a functioning human organ to someone whose organ has stopped working or is close to failing. In some cases, a living person can donate all or part of a functioning organ. In other instances, the donor would be someone who has recently passed away.

Which organs can be transplanted?

The organs that can be transplanted are:

• liver
• kidney
• pancreas
• kidney/pancreas (can be transplanted at the same time)
• heart
• lung
• heart/lung (can be transplanted at the same time)
• intestine
• vascularized composite allografts (VCAs), such as face and hand transplantation

Are there age limits or medical conditions that rule out organ transplantation?

There is no standard age limit to be transplanted. Each transplant program sets its own practice. For example, one program may not accept anyone older than 80 years of age; another may have no age limit.

A few medical conditions might rule out a transplant. The transplant team will discuss these with you when you start your evaluation. In general, health issues that may keep you from having surgery or taking long-term medication may be reasons not to list you. Examples can include current or recent cancer diagnosis or morbid obesity. Depending on the medical issues involved, the program may have another specialist examine you and advise whether transplantation would be a safe option.

What factors are considered in organ matching and allocation?

Many different medical and logistical characteristics are considered for an organ to be distributed to the best-matched potential recipient. While the specific criteria differ for various organs, matching criteria generally include:

• blood type and size of the organ(s) needed
• time spent awaiting a transplant
• the relative distance between donor and recipient

For certain organs other factors are vital, including:

• the medical urgency of the recipient
• the degree of immune-system match between donor and recipient
• whether the recipient is a child or an adult

Which organ is the most requested organ for transplant?

Kidneys are the most needed and most commonly transplanted organ. Kidneys are responsible for filtering waste and excess water from the blood and balancing the body's fluids.

Which organ is easiest to transplant?

The liver is the only visceral organ to possess remarkable regenerative potential. In other words, the liver grows back. This regenerative potential is the reason why partial liver transplants are feasible.

Which organ has maximum transplantation success rate?

Adult kidney transplantation is perhaps the greatest success among all the procedures; more than 270,000 initial transplantations have been performed since 1970.

What is the biggest risk for transplant patients?

• Risk of rejection of the transplanted organ
• Increased risk of infection due to the immunosuppressant medications
• Any of the side effects of the immunosuppressant medications as previously discussed.
• Very small risk for acquiring AIDS, Hepatitis B, other viruses, or cancer from the donor organ - Organ donors are screened very carefully for these diseases, however on rare occasion, they are undetectable and may be passed to the recipient.
• Potential for a blood transfusion due to blood loss in the operating room and related risk for the transmission of infectious diseases from a blood donor. Blood donors are screened very carefully, but there may be a rare case when a disease may be undetectable and may be passed to the recipient.

What is included in the term "surgery"?

The term “surgery” covers a wide range of medical procedures, including:

• procedures to repair wounds or broken bones caused by an accident;
• procedures to rectify a life threatening illness, such as removal of an inflamed appendix; biopsies, where a small bit of tissue or fluid is removed for testing to aid in
• determining a diagnosis; and,
• procedures that may improve quality of life, but that do not threaten life if they are not performed, such as cataract surgery or knee replacement.

What can I expect during my first appointment?

The surgeon will ask you many questions about symptoms, past or recent illnesses and past surgeries.

The surgeon may do a physical exam, depending on your symptoms and illness.

What is minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery?

Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to diagnose and treat problems of the abdominal and pelvic areas. During this procedure, an endoscope (tube) with a camera on the end is inserted through a tiny incision to allow your doctor to closely examine the organs of the area. Surgical instruments can be inserted through additional incisions to treat any identified problems.

What is robotic surgery?

Robotic-assisted surgery is the least invasive and often most effective procedure available. Addressing the shortcomings of other types of surgery, robotic surgery offers many advantages to both patient and doctor. It combines the effective control of open surgery with the less invasive approach of laparoscopy.

Will I be in pain after brain surgery?

It is common to have some discomfort around the wound following surgery, however, this is usually easily controlled with simple pain medication.  Some patients can also have a headache as the linings of the brain can be irritated by blood products and air. Interestingly, the skull and brain do not contain pain nerves, so surgery on the head is not as painful as many patients might imagine.  

How long will I be in hospital following brain surgery?

Most patients are in hospital between 3 and 5 days following cranial surgery. Sometimes patients might need some time in rehabilitation prior to going home.

Where will my incision be for brain surgery?

The location of your incision will depend on the procedure you are having and the location of the problem.

Will I have a scar?

If you have surgery there will always be a scar. Fortunately the scalp heals very well so scars tend not to be that visible.  It is very unusual to have an incision on your face so your facial features should not be afffected.